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The textbook ‘Introduction to Lithosphere and Atmosphere’ is written
for the students of F. Y. B.Sc. Sem. I and II. It gives us great pleasure
to handover this textbook to the students...

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GG 111 : INTRODUCTION TO LITHOSPHERE GG 121 : INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERE
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The textbook ‘Introduction to Lithosphere and Atmosphere’ is written
for the students of F. Y. B.Sc. Sem. I and II. It gives us great pleasure
to handover this textbook to the students and the teachers. We hope the
students and teachers will welcome this book by heart. The entire book is
prepared with the help of computer. All figures in the book are drawn by the
authors themselves and therefore, the book has become more illustrative
and informative. All concepts in the book are explained with the help of
figures. This is its special feature. There are in all 84 figures. As the
figures are drawn by the authors themselves, the content desplayed in the
figures has become more precise and accurate. The entire text is arranged
in such a way that the students can perceive the knowledge very easily.
For creating more interest of Physical Geography among the students,
large number of illustrations and examples are taken from the Country and
from the local areas. At the end of every chapter large number of objective
and long answered questions are given. For the selfstudies of the students
these exercises will become helpful.
Physical Geography is studied in all the universities and even it is a
subject for M. P. S. C., NET, SET examinations. We hope the present book
will be helpful to the students preparing for such examinations.
We are thankful to Shri. Rangrao Patil, Propriator of Prashant
Publications, Jalgaon because of whom the present book has come
into existence. We are also thankful to our Honourable Managements,
Principals and colleagues. We express our sincere thanks to our family
members, especially Mrs. Ashalata Chaudhari, Mrs. Jyoti Patil,
Mrs. Lalita Badgujar and Mrs. Amita Patil.
We sincerely apologize for any technical and text error appear in the
book. Comments, suggestions and criticism from the readers will be highly
appreciated and will be given careful consideration in the preparation of
next edition of the book.

DSC-1 (GG. – 111) : Introduction to Lithosphere
Chapter 1…………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Introduction to Physical Geography
A) Definition, Nature and Scope of Physical Geography
B) Branches of Physical Geography
C) Meaning and Concept of Lithosphere
D) Structure of the Earth – i) Element wise ii) Layer wise
D) First and Second Order Landforms.
Chapter 2…………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Distribution of Land and Water
A) Present distribution of land and water and its characteristics
B) Theories regarding present distribution of land and water
i) Wegner’s continental drift theory
ii) Theory of Plate Tectonics
Chapter 3…………………………………………………………………………………. 42
Rocks
A) Definitions of Rocks
B) Types and Characteristics of Rocks
C) Distribution of rocks in India
D) Economic importance and uses of rocks
Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………………………. 60
Forces of the Earth
A) Forces affecting the Earth’s Crust (Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces).
B) Diastrophism and its types – (Epeirogenic and orogenic forces)
C) Concept and Types of Folds and Faults.
D) Sudden Movements – Earthquake and volcanic eruption.

DSC-3 (GG 121) : Introduction to Atmosphere
Chapter 5…………………………………………………………………………………. 86
Introduction to Atmosphere
a) Meaning and Definition of Atmosphere, Weather & Climate.
b) Composition of Atmosphere- i. Gases, ii. Water Vapor, iii. Dust Particles
c) Structure of Atmosphere- I. On the basis of Chemical Composition:
i. Homosphere, ii. Hetrosphere II On the basis of physical properties:
i. Troposphere ii. Stratosphere, iii. Thermosphere iv. Mesosphere a.
Ionosphere, b. Exosphere
Chapter 6…………………………………………………………………………………. 98
Insolation and Air Temperature
a) Meaning & Definition of Insolation, and Solar Constant
b) Heat Budget of the Earth and Atmosphere
c) Factors affecting Distribution of Insolation
d) Meaning of Energy, Heat, Temperature of air and Isotherm
e) Factors affecting the distribution of Air Temperature
f) Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Air Temperature i. Inversion of
Temperature
Chapter 7……………………………………………………………………………….. 120
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
a) Atmospheric Pressure – i. Isobars ii. Formation of Pressure Belts, iii.
Shifting of Pressure Belts and their Effects
b) Winds – a) Meaning and Definition, b) Factors affecting winds c)
Classification of Winds i. Planetary Winds – Definition & Types, ii.
Monsoon Winds – Concept & Types iii. Periodical Winds – land & Sea
Breezes, Mountain and Valley Breezes Chapter 8……………………………………………………………………………….. 145
Humidity and Precipitation
a) Definition & Types of Humidity – i. Absolute, ii. Specific and iii. Relative
Humidity
b) Forms of Condensation: Fog, Dew, Frost, Clouds & Precipitation
c) Forms of Precipitation: Rain, Drizzle, Snow, Sleet.
d) Types of Rainfall – i. Convectional, ii. Orographic / Relief, iii. Cyclonic
or Frontal
Reference Books :…………………………………………………………………… 160

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