1. Indian Constitution and Federal System Development in
India .................................................1
(a) Constitutional Law and Constitutionalism
What is the Constitution? Constitutional Law, Constitutionalism – Features of Constitutionalism, Similarity between Constitution and Constitutionalism, Difference between Constitution and Constitutionalism
(b) British Legacy
Nature of British Colonial Rule, Effects of British Rule, Socio-Cultural, Political and Administrative Legacy of British Rule
(c) Nationalism
What is Nationalism? Raise of Indian Nationalism, National Movement between 1885-1905, Causes of Indian National Movement, Impact Nationalism in India
(d) Indian Constitution
Meaning, Definition, Main Objectives of the Constitution, Nature of Constitution, Historical Background, Crips Plan, Constitution Committee, Process of Formation of the Constitution, Members of the Constitution Committee, Committees, Draft Committee, Objections against Constitution Committee, Sources of Indian Constitution, Preamble, Preamble and Basic Framework, Analysis of Preamble, Features of the Constitution.
(e) Indian Federal System
Background of the formation of Indian Federal System, Formation of Indian Federation, Raise, The Ideological Role of Scholars, Causes of Strengthening the Central Government, Is India a Federal State? Structure and Nature of the Federal State, Features of Federal Structure, Flexibility of Federal Structure, Features of Indian Federal State, Features of Unitary Governance within the Indian Federal Framework.

2. Citizenship, Fundamental Rights, and Duties, Directive
Principlesy ................................................85
(a) Civilization
(b) Fundamental Rights and Duties
Definition of Fundamental Rights, Meaning, Theory, Fundamental Rights, The Role of Judiciary in the Preservation of Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Types of Duties, Fundamental Duties: A Review, Difference between Rights and Duties.
(c) Directive Principles
Meaning, Scope, Classification of Directive Principles, Difference between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights, Classification of Directive Principles of States, Inspired by D. D. Basu.

3. Unique Provisions in Constitution of India....................112
(a) Amendment Process
Meaning and Objectives, Three Methods of Constitutional Amendments
(b) Recent Major Amendments:
73rd and 74th Amendment, 86th Amendment, 103rd Amendment (12th Jan. 2019) 104th Amendment (25th Jan. 2020), 105th amendment (10th Aug. 2021).
(c) Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Provisions of Socio-Economically Backward Classes
⮚ Special Constitutional Provisions for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
⮚ Special Constitutional Provisions for Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in India, National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes – Structure, Other Functions and Rights.
⮚ Socially and Educationally Backward Classes.

4. Organs of the Government: Union and State............141
(a) Union Executive Council
(i) President: Election, Value of Votes of the Members of Parliament, Elections, Tenure, Process of Dismissal,
Salary and Allowances, Rights and Duties, Position of the President, Information of Indian President and Tenure.
(ii) Vice President: Election of the Vice President, Election Process, Tenure, Salary and Allowances, Role/ Functions of the Vice President in the Absence of the President, Indian Vice Presidents and Their Tenure.
(iii) Prime Minister: Selection of the Prime Minister, Qualification, Salary and Allowances and other Facilities, Rights and Duties, Rights and Functions of the Prime Minister, Indian Prime Ministers and Their Tenure, Deputy Prime Minister.
(iv) Union Ministry: Structure, Statistical Chart of Various Ministers in the Various Ministries, Types of Ministers, Parliamentary Secretaries, Tenure, Joint Responsibilities of the Ministry, Difference Between Ministry and Council of Ministers, Major Features of the Council of Ministers, Rights and Functions of the Ministry, Structure of Governance of the States.
(b) State Executive Council
(i) Governor: Historical Background, Indian Constitution and Governor, Actual Role of the Governor, Governor: New Ideological Trends, Present Governors in the States of India, Governor of Maharashtra.
(ii) Chief Minister: Selection of the Chief Minister, Tenure, Rights and Duties, Present Chief Ministers in the States of India, Newly Elected Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Chief Ministers of Maharashtra and Tenure, Deputy Chief Minister.
(iii) Ministry of the States: Formation of the Ministry, Tenure of the Council of Ministers, Salary and Allowances of the Ministers, Duties and Responsibilities of the Ministers.

5. Legislature: Union and State ..................216
(a) Union Legislature: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
(i) Lok Sabha: Qualification of the Voter, Qualification of the Candidate, Tenure of Lok Sabha, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Rights and Functions of the Speaker, Functions of Lok Sabha, Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha.
(ii) Rajya Sabha: Structure of Lok Sabha, Qualification of the Members, Election, Tenure, Speaker of Rajya Sabha, Deputy Speaker of Rajya Sabha, Functions and Rights, Necessity, Total Number of the Members Indian Legislature, Constitutional Committees.
(b) State Legislature: Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad
(i) Vidhan Sabha: Qualification of the Candidate, Disqualification, Tenure, Speaker of Vidhan Sabha – Functions and Rights, Vidhan Sabha Deputy Speaker – Functions and Rights.
(ii) Vidhan Parishad: Structure, Qualification of the Member, disqualification, Tenure and Oath Taking, President of Speaker of Vidhan Parishad, Rights and Functions of Vidhan Parishad, Evaluation, Necessity and Unnecessary.

6. Judiciary and Election Process.........................273
(a) Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court
(i) Supreme Court: Structure, Appointment, Qualification, Tenure, Dismissal, Salary and Allowances, Jurisdiction, 42nd Constitutional Amendment and Right to Review
(ii) High Court: Structure, Number, Qualification, Appointment, Tenure, Dismissal, Salary and Allowances, Jurisdiction, Proposal of Changing Names of High Courts, Judicial Review, 42nd Amendment and Judicial Review, Judicial Activation, Public Interest Litigation.
(b) Election Process
Meaning, Definition, Elections and Election System, Elections and Improvements in the Process, Elections and Democracy, Voters’ Literacy, Election Commission of India, Structure of the Commission, Election Commissioner, Constituency Determination Commission, Rights and Functions of the Election Commission, Problems in Indian Elections, Improvements in Indian Electoral Process, Importance of Elections, Importance of the Election Commission, An Opinion on the Future.

References..................................................334