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We are very happy to give this book entitled Gymnosperms and Paleobotany (DSC-8) BO-221 for second year students of Botany of Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon as per...

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Gymnosperm And Paleobotony
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We are very happy to give this book entitled Gymnosperms and Paleobotany (DSC-8) BO-221 for second year students of Botany of Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon as per NEP 2020 w.e.f.2024-25. This book best for the information required for completion of syllabus as along with description it is provide with neat, easy and well-illustrated labelled diagrams wherever necessary. We are confident that this book will prove a feasible assistance to the teachers and students while teaching and learning of the topics. This book will be ready reference for writing examination papers as adequate numbers of questions are provided under each Unit.
We acknowledge with gratitude the kind of help and encouragement that received in preparation of this book from many of our highly qualified and experienced colleagues. We shall be thankful to all those, who would come forward with constrictive suggestions to incorporate them in the next edition.
Our special thanks to well experienced publisher of Prashant publications, Shri. Rangrao A. Patil, for undertaking the publication and the staff of Prashant publication, Jalgaon who have taken enough interest to bring out this book in time.
Thank you.

BO-221 – GYMNOSPERM AND PALEOBOTANY
Unit 1…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Gymnosperms
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Distinguishing features of the group
1.3 Comparison of Gymnosperms with Angiosperms
1.4 Economic importance of Gymnosperm.
1.5 Classification of Gymnosperms by K. R. Sporne upto orders giving reasons.
Unit 2…………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Life cycle of Cycas
2.1 Distribution in India
2.2 Systematic Position
2.3 External morphology
2.4 Internal morphology: Primary structure of Corolloid roots,T. S. of Rachis
and leaflet
2.5 Reproductive structure:
a) Structure of Male cone b) Structure of Female cone
2.6 Pollination nd Fertilisation:
2.7 Seed structure and Germination
2.8 Alternation of Generation
2.9 Economic Importance of Cycas
Unit 3…………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Life cycle of Pinus
3.1 Distribution in India
3.2 Systematic Position
3.3 External morphology
3.4 Internal morphology
a) Primary structure root, stem and leaf b) Secondary growth in Pinus

3.5 Reproductive structure
a) Structure of Male cone b) Structure of Female cone
3.6 Pollination nd Fertilisation
3.7 Seed structure and Germination
3.8 Alternation of Generation
3.9 Economic Importance of Pinus
Unit 4…………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
Introduction to Paleobotany
4.1 Introduction, definition, and scope
4.2 Contribution of Birbal Sahani in Paleobotany
4.3 Definition of Fossil
4.4 Fossilization process, Conditions favorable for fossilization
4.5 Geological time scale. Eras, Periods, Epochs, and major plant groups
4.6 Types of fossils: Impression, Compression, Petrifaction, Cast, Coal ball, Amber
Unit 5…………………………………………………………………………………………… 81
Study of the following fossil groups w.r.t. morphology and structure
5.1 Psilopsida: Rhynia.
5.2 Lycopsida: Lepidostrobus (Cone)
5.3 Sphenopsida: Annularia (Leaf)
5.4 Pteridopsperm: Lyginopterisoldhamia (Stem)
5.5 Bennettitales: Cycadeoidea (Flower)
5.6 Angiosperm: Sahanipushpum (Flower)
References……………………………………………………………………………………. 95

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