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Literary criticism is as ancient as literature. It has provided
different views, perspectives, approaches and terms to understand
literature in its diverse forms. It consists of interpretation, judgement,
analysis and evaluation of literature....

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Introduction to Literary Criticism
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Literary criticism is as ancient as literature. It has provided
different views, perspectives, approaches and terms to understand
literature in its diverse forms. It consists of interpretation, judgement,
analysis and evaluation of literature. It makes readers aware of the
form and content of literature, structure and substance of literature.
It deals with text and context in its analysis and provides many
different views on literature. Literary criticism has undergone
many changes in its long journey from classical antiquity to the
modern period. It has branched off from its earlier preoccupations
like author’s superiority and search for universal meaning and has
taken on new pursuits. The present course is designed to introduce
students to the basics of literary criticism and the age-wise important
critical concepts.
The main aims of the present course are 1) to introduce
students to the basics of literary criticism, 2) to make them aware
of the nature and historical development of criticism, 3) to make
them familiar with the significant critical approaches and terms, 4)
to encourage students to interpret literary works in the light of the
critical approaches and 5) to develop students’ aptitude for critical
analysis. Students are advised to go repeatedly through this course
in order to acquaint themselves with the various critical terms and
the critiques prescribed for your studies. It is because the ideas
expressed by the critics may appear difficult to grasp.

1. Orientation....................................................................7
1. Literary Criticism – definition and functions
2. Types of Criticism
● Historical Criticism
● Biographical Criticism
● Sociological Criticism
● Psychological Criticism
3. Literature of Knowledge and Literature of Power
4. Qualities of a good critic

2. Traditional Criticism...................................................17
1. Classical Criticism
i. Aristotle’s Concept of Catharsis
ii. Longinus’s Five Sources of Sublimity (Ref. On
the Sublime)
2. Neo-Classical Criticism
i. John Dryden’s Approach to the Three Unities
ii. Samuel Johnson’s Criticism John Milton’s
Lycidas (Ref. Life of Milton)
3. Bharatmuni’s On Natya and Rasa (from Indian Literary
Criticism: Theory and Interpretation by G. N. Devy)

3. Romantic Criticism......................................................37
1. S. T. Coleridge’s theory of imagination (ref. Biographia
Literary)
2. Wordsworth’s Rejection of Neo-Classical Concept of
Poetry
3. P. B. Shelley’s Views on Poetry
● The Four Historical Cycles of Poetry
● Shelley’s Defense

4 Victorian Criticism......................................................51
1. The Function of criticism according to Matthew Arnold (Ref. Function of Criticism at Present Time’)
2. John Ruskin’ Three Orders of Imagination (Ref. Modern Painters II)
3. Walter Pater’s Views on Style in Poetry

5 Project Based Experimental Learning.......................65 Introduction
1. Project on Neo-Classical versus Romantic Criticism
i Neoclassicism: The Art of Imitation
ii Romantic Criticism: The Lamp of Expression
iii The Summary of Differences
2. Project on Features of Romantic Poetry
3. Project on Style in Poetry
i. Key Elements of Poetic Style
ii. How to Translate to Everyday Use
iii. Importance of Style and Types of Poetry
4. Project on Features of Modern Poetry
i. Free Verse and Experimentation
ii. Symbolism and imagery
iii. Stream of Consciousness
iv. Social and Political Commentary
v. Urban themes
vi. Intertextuality
vii. Rejection of Romanticism

6 Critical Appreciation of Literary Text.......................80
1. Critical Appreciation: An Introduction
● Composed upon Westminster Bridge by Wordsworth
● Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats
2. Critical Appreciation of a Modern Prose – Literary Text
● A Prose Passage from Virginia Woolf’s ‘To the Lighthouse’

7 Explaining Literary and Critical Terms....................91 Group Discussion and Peer Review on Literary Criticism
1. Elements of fiction
● Protagonist / antagonist
● Plot
● Point of view
● Setting
● Theme
2. Figurative Language and Rhetorical language
● Metaphor / Simile
● Personification
● Hyperbole
● Iriny
3. Poetic Devices
● Alliteration
● Assonance
● Enjambment
● Meter
4. Critical Theory and Analysis
● Archetype
● Mimesis
● Deconstruction
● Intertextuality
5. Catharsis
6. Allegory
7. Diction
8. Genre
9. Point of View
● First person point of view
● Second person point of view
● Third person point of view

Questions and Answers For Practice................................99

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