UNIT 1............................................................................7
INTERATOMIC FORCES AND BONDING IN SOLIDS
1.1 Forces between atoms
1.2 Cohesion of atoms and cohesive energy
1.3 Calculations of cohesive energy
1.4 Types of bonding in solids
1.5 Ionic bonding
1.6 Bond energy
1.7 Lattice energy of ionic crystals
1.8 Madelung constant
1.9 Properties and examples of ionic solids
1.10 Covalent bond
1.11 Saturation in Covalent bonds
1.12 Directional nature of covalent bonds
1.13 Hybridization
1.14 Properties of metallic bonds
1.15 Dispersion bonds
1.16 Dipole bonds
1.17 Hydrogen bonds
1.18 Comparison between ionic bonds and metallic bonds.

UNIT 2..............................................................................34
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES: BASIC CONCEPTS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lattice Points, Basis and Crystal Structure
2.3 Unit Cells and Lattice Parameters
2.4 Crystal Symmetry Elements
2.5 Metallic Crystal Structures
2.6 Other Cubic Structures
2.7 Imperfections in Crystals

UNIT 3...............................................................................73
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS: STRUCTURAL STUDY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Concept of Directions
3.3 Planes
3.4 Miller Indices
3.5 Application in cubic crystals
3.6 Lattices
3.7 Diffraction of X-rays by crystals
3.8 Crystal as a grating for X-rays (Bragg’s X-ray Spectrometer)
3.9 Bragg’s Diffraction condition in direct lattice (Bragg’s law / Bragg’s equation)
3.10 Bragg’s diffraction condition in reciprocal lattice (Bragg’s law in reciprocal lattice)
3.11 Ewald’s construction
3.12 X-ray diffraction methods
3.13 Billouin zones (1 D and 2 D)