1. Fundamentals of Measurement………………………………………………………. 7
1.1. Aims of measurement
1.2. Functional elements of typical measurement system (block diagram and its explanation)
1.3. Standard measurements and types of calibration methods
1.4. Static characteristics (accuracy, precision, sensitivity, linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, drift, hysteresis, resolution, range, span, dead zone)
1.5. Dynamic characteristics: concepts, first and second order systems
1.5.1 Examples of first-order: Resistance thermometer and Thermal element
1.5.2 Examples of second order: U-tube manometer and seismic motion
1.6. Errors in measurement
Numerical Problems
2. Transducers ………………………………………………………………………………… 28
2.1. Classification of Transducers and its characteristics
2.2. Displacement Transducer
2.3. Resistive Type:
2.3.1 Linear and Angular (Rotary) Potentiometer
2.3.2 Strain Gauge: Bonded and Unbounded
2.4. Inductive Type: Self inductive: Variable number of turns,
2.5. Variable Reluctance Mutual Inductive: LVDT
2.6. Piezoelectric Type: Quartz Crystal
2.7. Force Transducer: Cantilever beam, Column type devices
Numerical Problems
3. Measurement of Pressure and Temperature………………………………….. 53
3.1. Unit of pressure, concept of vacuum; absolute, gauge, and differential pressure
3.2. Elastic transducer – diaphragm, corrugated diaphragm, bellows,
Bourdon tube

3.3. Electric type – strain gauge
3.4. Pressure transducer – calibration by dead weight tester method
3.5. Temperature Measurement
3.5.1 Scales for temperature: Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit
3.5.2 Temperature Measurement Techniques
▪ Non-electrical: Liquid filled thermometer and
bimetallic thermometer
▪ Electrical Methods:
– Platinum Resistance Thermometer
– Thermistor: PTC and NTC with characteristics
– Thermocouple: Seebeck effect and Peltier effect
– Types of Thermocouple
Numerical Problems
Reference Books………………………………………………………………………………… 82