1. Introduction to Basic Biological Techniques..................9
1.1 Introduction
1.2 PH Meter
1.3 Electrical Conductivity Meter
1.4 Questions
2. Gel Electrophoresis......................................13
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of Gel Electrophoresis
2.3 Types of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.
2.4 Components of Agarose Gel Matrix or Media
2.5 Chemical components of PAGE and their role.
2.6 Gel casting Trays and comb Electrophoresis Tank and power supply.
2.7 Electrophoresis buffer
2.8 Loading dye DNA/ protein Ladder or Marker
2.9 Main components of Loading dye
2.10 DNA/ Protein Ladder or Marker
2.11 Staining and Visualization of protein
2.12 Limitations of PAGE/Gel Electrophoresis
2.13 Trouble shooting in PAGE/ Gel Electrophoresis
2.14 Applications of Gel Electrophoresis
2.15 Questions
3. Hybridization (Blotting) Techniques..................28
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Southern hybridization for DNA
3.3 Northern hybridization for RNA
3.4 Western hybridization for proteins
3.5 Questions
4. Chromatography Techniques....................................42
4.1 Introduction and definition
4.2 Basic principles of chromatography-Partition and adsorption
chromatography
4.3 Classification of chromatographic techniques
4.4 Paper Chromatography
4.5 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
4.6 Column Chromatography
4.7 Ion Exchange Chromatography
4.8 Gas Chromatography
4.9 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
4.10 Questions.
5. Spectrophotometry............................................54
5.1 Introduction and definition
5.2 Principle of spectrophotometry – Beer Lambert Law
5.3 Types of absorption and Components of Spectrophotometer
5.4 UV-Visible Spectrophotometry
5.5 IR Spectrophotometry
5.6 Questions
6. Biostatistics and Data Analysis ..............................65
6.1 Introduction and Definition
6.2 Scope and Importance of Biostatistics in Biology
6.3 Types of Data
6.4 Data Collection Methods
6.5 Measures of Central Tendency
6.6 Measures of Dispersion
6.7 Basic Concept of Probability
6.8 Data Analysis
6.9 Questions.
BOT-295-MNP : Practical based on BOT-292-MN
Practical No. 1..........................................................85
To measure the pH of different solutions using a digital pH meter.
Practical No. 2..........................................87
To measure the electrical conductivity (EC) of soil and water samples using a digital conductivity meter.
Practical No. 3....................................................89
To separate DNA samples by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualize DNA bands using Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) or GelRed under UV light.
Practical No. 4.........................................................91
To separate proteins based on their molecular weight using SDS–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and visualize protein bands by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining.
Practical No. 5...............................................93
To demonstrate the Southern blotting technique for detection of a specific DNA sequence by DNA–DNA hybridization.
Practical No. 6.............................................95
To demonstrate the Western blotting technique for detection of a specific protein using antigen–antibody interaction.
Practical No. 7.....................................................97
To separate amino acids or plant pigments using Paper Chromatography and calculate Rf values.
Practical No. 8.......................................99
To separate compounds using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and visualize spots using iodine or UV
Practical No. 9...............................................101
To determine the λmax of a coloured solution using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer.
Practical No. 10.......................................103
To estimate protein concentration using the Biuret or Lowry method and measure absorbance.
Practical No. 11.....................................106
To calculate mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and variance from given Biological data.
Practical No. 12...............................................109
To construct bar diagrams, histograms, and pie charts using biological data (manual or Excel). Visualizing data is essential in biology to identify trends, compare experimental groups, and communicate findings effectively.
