BO-221 – GYMNOSPERM AND PALEOBOTANY
Unit 1…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Gymnosperms
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Distinguishing features of the group
1.3 Comparison of Gymnosperms with Angiosperms
1.4 Economic importance of Gymnosperm.
1.5 Classification of Gymnosperms by K. R. Sporne upto orders giving reasons.
Unit 2…………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Life cycle of Cycas
2.1 Distribution in India
2.2 Systematic Position
2.3 External morphology
2.4 Internal morphology: Primary structure of Corolloid roots,T. S. of Rachis
and leaflet
2.5 Reproductive structure:
a) Structure of Male cone b) Structure of Female cone
2.6 Pollination nd Fertilisation:
2.7 Seed structure and Germination
2.8 Alternation of Generation
2.9 Economic Importance of Cycas
Unit 3…………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Life cycle of Pinus
3.1 Distribution in India
3.2 Systematic Position
3.3 External morphology
3.4 Internal morphology
a) Primary structure root, stem and leaf b) Secondary growth in Pinus

3.5 Reproductive structure
a) Structure of Male cone b) Structure of Female cone
3.6 Pollination nd Fertilisation
3.7 Seed structure and Germination
3.8 Alternation of Generation
3.9 Economic Importance of Pinus
Unit 4…………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
Introduction to Paleobotany
4.1 Introduction, definition, and scope
4.2 Contribution of Birbal Sahani in Paleobotany
4.3 Definition of Fossil
4.4 Fossilization process, Conditions favorable for fossilization
4.5 Geological time scale. Eras, Periods, Epochs, and major plant groups
4.6 Types of fossils: Impression, Compression, Petrifaction, Cast, Coal ball, Amber
Unit 5…………………………………………………………………………………………… 81
Study of the following fossil groups w.r.t. morphology and structure
5.1 Psilopsida: Rhynia.
5.2 Lycopsida: Lepidostrobus (Cone)
5.3 Sphenopsida: Annularia (Leaf)
5.4 Pteridopsperm: Lyginopterisoldhamia (Stem)
5.5 Bennettitales: Cycadeoidea (Flower)
5.6 Angiosperm: Sahanipushpum (Flower)
References……………………………………………………………………………………. 95